http://firstedition.routledgesoc.com/
faceplant
as social-ism in the acid test who you are allowed to trade with.
No different than the feudal red-seal since without it you could not trade.
The prices
of all things have risen three, four, times since the discovery
of the West Indies. –David Hume
Del Mar (1969b, pp. 326–27) echoes this view: The honest Abbe Raynal explains the whole matter in a few words: whilst the Portuguese robbed the Indians, the Dutch robbed the Portuguese. "In less than half a century the ships
of the Dutch East India Company took more than three hundred Portuguese vessels …laden with the spoils
of Asia. These brought the Company immense returns." Much
of eastern gold, which found its way to Amsterdam was proceeds
of double robbery.
Further evidence
of an exceptionally large increase in the supply
of money in the Netherlands is provided by an excerpt from a table
of the total mint output
of the South Netherlands, 1598–1789
By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army
of 10,000 soldiers, and a dividend payment
of 40% on the original investment
The funds for the purchase
of merchandise in Asia were loaned to the managers
of the expedition for an interest
of 35% to 55% per trip, going as high as 100% in the case
of Siam.
Tokugawa issued red-sealed permits to his favourite feudal lords and principal merchants who were interested in foreign trade. By doing so, he was able to control Japanese traders and reduce Japanese piracy in the South Sea. His seal also guaranteed the protection
of the ships, since he vowed to pursue any pirate or nation who would violate it.
Besides Japanese traders, 12 European and 11 Chinese residents, including William Adams and Jan Joosten, are known to have received permits. At one point after 1621, Jan Joosten is recorded to have possessed 10 Red Seal Ships for commerce.
In February 1603, the Company seized the Santa Catarina (ship) off Singapore, a 1500-ton Portuguese merchant carrack. She was such a rich prize that her sale proceeds increased the capital
of the VOC by more than 50%
In general the Company's overhead rose in step with the growth in trade volume; declining gross margins translated directly into a decline in profitability
of the invested capital. The era
of expansion was one
of "profitless growth".
Joosten is reported to have made a fortune in trade between Japan and Southeast Asia, chartering several Red Seal Ships under license from Tokugawa Leyasu. He was reported by Dutch traders in Ayutthaya to be aboard junks carrying rich cargoes in early 1613. After the establishment
of the Dutch Factory in Hirado, he became a middleman between Dutch merchants and the Shogunate.
He is also said to have been to Siam on one
of his ships, with the Japanese adventurer and author Tenjiku Tokubei. Later, he attempted to return to the Netherlands, but after reaching Batavia, he was denied permission by Dutch authorities to proceed further.
Cost push
of over three percent will lock up capital sooner than later. For example the FED conveys, the average real fed funds rate over the past 40 years has been about 3%, so if history were a good guide, then one would expect real interest rates to return to 3% over the next five to ten years.
As we witness the recent effect
of water as the essential solvent.
water wheat weather
a from the grain colony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqVuZgkjAOk